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With this condensed primer, MedPage Today looks at the health policy records of Democratic presidential candidate Kamala Harris and Republican presidential candidate Donald Trump.

Abortion

Harris' Stance:

• Harris supported abortion rights throughout her Senate career; preserving those rights is expected to be a central part of her campaign.
• She is believed to be the first vice president ever to visit an abortion clinic -- a Planned Parenthood facility in Minnesota in March.
• Two months earlier, in Wisconsin, she kicked off her "" tour, highlighting the harms of extreme abortion bans.
• In July, Harris pledged that , she would sign it.
• Abortion-rights groups were after Biden ended his campaign; anti-abortion groups seem alarmed by her unflinching commitment to the issue.

Trump's Stance:

• Trump has called himself "" in American history.
• He appointed who helped overturn Roe v. Wade.
• Earlier this year, Trump expressed support for a 15-week ban; since then, however, he has stated that abortion is a states' rights issue.
• During the presidential debate in June, Trump falsely accused Democrats of supporting abortions "."
• The excludes a definitive call for a national abortion ban for the first time in 40 years, instead stating that the party opposes late-term abortions, and supports prenatal care and access to birth control and in vitro fertilization.
• The platform also supports the 14th Amendment, which protects the rights of "any person" to "due process"; some conservatives have interpreted the words "any person" ."

Why It Matters:

• According to , 63% of adults in the U.S. support abortion in all or most cases. Furthermore, in at least seven different states where abortion has been on the ballot (including conservative states like Kansas, Montana, and Kentucky), voters have come down on the side of abortion rights.

Healthcare Reform

Harris' Stance:

• In 2019, during her first presidential campaign, , then appeared to waver on that approach.
• Soon afterwards, she introduced "" a more moderate proposal that preserved a role for private health plans and suggested a 10-year glide path to a single-payer system. However, in late July, a Harris spokesperson said that Harris "."
• As California's Attorney General, Harris in multiple amicus briefs.
• She is expected to , which will otherwise sunset at the end of 2025. These help Americans afford health insurance on the exchanges by capping premiums at a percentage of their income on a sliding scale.
• Harris is also expected to work to in the 10 remaining non-expansion states.
• As for Medicare, she President's Biden's plan to increase taxes for Americans who earn more than $400,000 annually to help keep the program solvent.

Trump's Stance:

• During the 2016 presidential campaign, Trump .
• That promise went unfulfilled, but Republican lawmakers did pass a bill that zeroed out the penalty for not complying with the individual mandate -- a provision of the ACA requiring individuals who fail to purchase "minimum essential benefits" to face a tax penalty.
• In January, Trump 2 months later, claiming, in a post on Truth Social, that he wanted to instead make the ACA "better."
• With regard to Medicare, Trump suggested in March that he was before quickly walking back his statement.
• As president, however, his administration proposed .
• The HHS under Trump also encouraged the use of work requirements as a condition of eligibility for the Medicaid program.
• The 2024 GOP Platform pledges to protect Social Security and Medicare, and to support long-term care, chronic disease management, and homecare for the elderly, but does not provide policy details.

Why It Matters:

• People without access to health insurance are including preventive care and treatment for chronic conditions.

Healthcare Costs, Drug Prices

Harris' Stance:

• During her first presidential campaign in 2019, Harris proposed granting the HHS secretary the for all drugs sold nationally based on prices in other developed countries.
• Harris " a provision of the Bayh-Dole Act that allows the government to seize control of patents for high-priced drugs under certain circumstances. She also supported drug importation for high-priced drugs.
• As California's attorney general, she took on healthcare consolidation and anti-competitive pricing among insurers, hospital chains, and drug companies, laying the groundwork for a landmark lawsuit against Sutter Health.
• Harris is expected to continue to defend the Inflation Reduction Act (IRA), which, for the first time ever, allowed the HHS secretary to negotiate the prices of 10 select drugs. Multiple drug companies and other stakeholders have sued the government over the negotiation process, but, to date, the .
• For Medicare beneficiaries, the IRA also capped insulin prices at $35 per month and will cap out-of-pocket costs at $2,000 annually for Part D prescription drugs beginning in 2025.
• Harris has said she would to Americans who are not Medicare enrollees.

Trump's Stance:

• In 2018, then-President Trump for the high costs of drugs in the U.S., and proposed aligning Medicare Part B drugs with prices paid in other developed countries, using a mechanism known as reference pricing; the policy, however, never took effect.
• In July 2020, Trump to allow drug importation by pharmacies and wholesalers from Canada, as well as another executive order meant to prevent pharmacy benefit managers or middlemen from pocketing large discounts.
• In late 2020, Congress passed and Trump signed the , a bill that aimed to protect patients from "surprise" or unexpected out-of-network medical bills, which the .
• According to conservative policy experts, Trump's priorities in his prior administration included increasing transparency, choice, and competition in healthcare, all of which are among his stated priorities in a potential second term, according to the 2024 GOP Platform.

Why It Matters:

• Drug prices have led many Americans to ration or skip doses of medication, including more than 1 million patients taking insulin, according to a .

Maternal Health

Harris' Stance:

• As a senator, Harris was one of the of the "Momnibus," a package of more than a dozen bills that addressed drivers of maternal mortality and morbidity, with a focus on Black women.
• In December 2021, she led the .
• In June 2022, the Biden administration released a which included plans to expand and diversify the perinatal workforce, increase access to behavioral healthcare, and encourage states to apply for waivers to expand Medicaid coverage from 60 days postpartum to 12 months. As of May, have adopted such policies.

Trump's Stance:

• In 2018, the , a bill that provided funding for maternal mortality review committees to better understand drivers of the maternal mortality crisis and identify solutions.
• Trump sought to ; while he approved a bill to , a majority of workers were excluded.
• Trump also fought to gut the ACA, including the (one of which is maternity care), and to roll back the ACA's contraceptive coverage mandates.

Why It Matters:

• American women are more likely to die during and after childbirth than women in other developed nations. Moreover, Black women in the U.S. are three times more likely to die during and after childbirth compared with white women. Over 80% of maternal deaths , according to the CDC.

Pandemic Response

Harris' Stance:

• In 2020, then-vice presidential nominee Harris said she that Trump distributed before the election, unless a "credible" source could ensure its safety.
• Harris, however, did in December 2020 on live television.
• She also publicly supported vaccines, boosters, and masks, casting them as tools to help schools and businesses reopen.
• In July 2023, the Biden-Harris administration, responding to congressional legislation, .

Trump's Stance:

• Trump is credited with overseeing Operation Warp Speed, the federal program that accelerated the development of multiple COVID-19 vaccine candidates and in record time.
• However, during his administration, Trump also , and frequently contradicted his own public health experts on issues such as mask-wearing and the effectiveness of hydroxychloroquine.
• During Trump's hospitalization for COVID, medical experts raised concerns over his decision to , noting that although he was masked, he may have endangered the Secret Service agents inside the car.
• In April, Trump said in an interview that, if elected, he "probably would" the White House Office of Pandemic Preparedness and Response Policy.
• He also with vaccination requirements.

Why It Matters:

• Trust in public health experts and physicians waned during the pandemic. There are more than that could spark a future pandemic, including mpox, avian flu, and dengue virus, according to the WHO.

Gun Control

Harris' Stance:

• Under the Biden-Harris administration, the Department of Justice issued a final rule in 2022 to (unserialized privately made firearms), building on previous executive actions.
• Congress also passed and Biden signed the Bipartisan Safer Communities Act, which called for enhanced background checks for individuals under 21, support for implementing extreme risk protection orders (also known as "red flag" laws), expanding access to mental health services, and growing community violence intervention programs.
• In 2023, President Biden launched, and Harris agreed to oversee, the to partner with cities and encourage support for survivors of gun violence, strengthen background checks, and advocate for responsible gun ownership.
• As a presidential candidate in 2019, Harris shared that she owns a gun "," but supports an assault weapons ban and universal background checks.

Trump's Stance:

• In spite of surviving an assassination attempt in July, , and said that if elected, he will appoint federal judges who oppose new firearm limits.
• In 2018, Trump directing the attorney general to effectively ban the use of bump stocks, devices that, when affixed to rifles, allow them to function as automatic weapons.
• However, in June, he to gut his own bump stock ban.

Why It Matters:

• More than in the U.S. in 2023. Firearm sales increased during the pandemic, with roughly purchasing a firearm from March 2020 to March 2022.

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